Tuesday, February 28, 2012

迷宮,迷宮!

"...search for two-way influences is dangerous, since one loss sight of the networks of intertexuality."

- Umberto Eco, "Borges and My Anxiety of Influence"

(這概念不是來自德里達( Jacques Derrida )嗎?)

艾柯( Umberto Eco )曾在無數文章,不同場合提及波赫士( Jorge Luis Borges )是影響他最深的作家之一。意大利學術界曾有研討會,專門研究兩者關係( relaciones literarias entre jorge luis borges y umberto eco ,見艾柯著作 On Literature )。

艾柯的 On Literature 收錄他在研討會上的發言。研討會上學者書評人苦心孤詣追尋艾柯書中的「波赫士」痕跡。艾柯當然不會否認,但提出好些在研究「影響」、「互文性」命題上要注意的地方。

假設
1)A 與 B 是同代人
2)但 A 比 B 較早,所以只能是 A 影響 B

"Nevertheless, one cannot speak of influence in literature, in philosophy, or even in science research, if one does not place an X at the top of the triangle (note: there is a triangle in the article with A and B on the two sides and X on top). Shall we call this X culture, the chain of previous influence?...Lets call it the universe of the encyclopedia."

有了 X, A 與 B 的關係頓時有很多變化
1)B 自 A 的作品中發掘一些東西,但不知道其實來自 X
2)B 自 A 的作品中發掘一些東西,通過此回歸 X
3)B 發掘了一些來自 X 的東西,其後才發現 X 也在 A 中

艾柯真是頑皮。這個演繹本身就很波赫士,也很不波赫士,完全 self-explanatory (按艾柯寫作本文,是為說明自己如何受波赫士影響,又不止於受波赫士影響)。很波赫士,因為這是典型會令波赫士著迷的弔詭/悖論( paradox ):假如 B 受 A 影響(寫出一部作品),那麼 A 的作品,也必然受另一人影響,假如那另一人是 X ,那麼 X 的背後,也必定有,say,Y ,餘此類推......很不波赫士,因為艾柯沒有一頭栽進弔詭,而將演繹止於 X,將 X 界定為文化,為人類歷來積累的一切知識。

補充一點,說「是令波赫士著迷的典型弔詭」是有點貪圖方便,不算錯,但不全對。舉例說,波赫士常談到,並且加以發揮的「阿基里斯與龜」( Achilles and the tortoise )悖論,其實首先由古希臘哲學家芝諾( Zeno of Elea )提出。波赫士反復為文發揚光大,今人提到「弔詭」,都會先想到波赫士。(本文末段引術艾柯討論「迷宮」與波赫士的關係,亦是同理)

而這個演譯最有趣、最迷人之處,其實是暗示一切知識,一切意念亙古以有,如柏拉圖的理型世界,如波赫士的 Library of Babel ,只是等待被 realised 。沒有一個概念,是開天辟地無中生有。除非你信上帝。

"Borges's work also consisted in taking from the immense territory of intertexuality a series of themes that were already whirling around there, and turning them into an exemplary pattern."

艾柯百份百承認波赫士的影響,無須懷疑。但對他來說,承認波赫士的影響,同時也是承認在波赫士以前一切知識的啟迪(也意味波赫士需承認那一切知識的啟迪),承認人類文明的豐盛。一切皆有源頭,皆可追溯。只說單向的,線性的影響,其實沒有意義。

"That every classification of the universe leads to the construction of a labyrinth or of a garden of forking paths was an idea that was present both in Leibniz and - in a very clear and explicit way - in the introduction to Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie. These are probably also Borges's sources. Here then is a case where it is not clear, not even to me, whether I (B) found X by going through writer A, or whether I (B) first discovered some aspects of X and then noticed how X had also influenced A."



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